Investigation of the carbonate - bicarbonate system Essay Example for Free

Investigation of the carbonate bicarbonate system Essay Alkalinity in this experiment can be defined as the measure of the pH buffering capacity in water (e. g. river water, sea water, lakes etc. ). This experiment was carried out using a prepared carbonate bicarbonate solution against hydrochloric acid (0. 1M HCl). Titration and pH indicator method was used to determine the equivalence point. The experiment also compares the titration and pH indicator method that is, looking at the option that will give a better approach in determining the equivalence point. Compared the digital and analogue pH meters that were used during the experiment by different groups. The experiment also aims at showing the importance of carbonate bicarbonate system in environmental chemistry as it affects the natural water system. INTRODUCTION In Nigeria, water pollution is a serious environmental issue as it relates to the oil industries in the Niger Delta region, this can be attributed but not limited to the continuous flaring of fossil fuel. This creates acid rain deposition thus reducing the buffering capacity of rivers and lakes. The major source of living and earning in this area is fishing, but the continuous flaring of gas has resulted in acid precipitation, which has affected fishing. When there is acid deposition, the pH of the water increases thereby making the water partially acidic, the drop in pH can harm and even kill some of the organisms inhabiting the water (Tope Akintola Jan 2004). The Nigerian government set up the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), which issued, in 1988, a specific decree to protect, to restore and preserve the ecosystem. The decree also sets out water quality standards to protect public health and to enhance the quality of water (Enderlein et al). Although, the Federal Environmental Protection Agency did not have specific guidelines, the agency adopted the guideline for alkalinity by World Health Organisation in 1971. Parameter Permissible standard Issued by Alkalinity (mg/l) 200 600 WHO, 1971; FEPA, 1991 Alkalinity can be defined as that level that provides stable pH in rivers and lakes or simply put as withstanding a fall in pH. Stability is achieved through the neutralization of acids in an aqueous system. It should be noted that alkalinity in this experiment deals strictly with the acid base neutralization, whereas, pH is the concentration of the solution. When stability is achieved, alkalinity is said to buffer the solution. Buffering of an aqueous system is the equilibrium between the acid and base reaction, this is done when the hydrogen [H+] ion is either used up or donated so that the pH of the solution remains normal, that is, remains as the original pH of the system. In rivers, lakes and ocean, buffering involves the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbonate (CO3-2) and hydrogen [H+]. The reaction involved is thus; CO2 (aq) + H2O H2CO3 (aq) 1 H2CO3- (aq) H+ (aq) + HCO3-(aq) . 2 HCO3-(aq) H+ (aq) + CO3-2(aq).. 3 Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere dissolves into the solution and also achieves equilibrium as shown below; CO2 (g) CO2 (aq) 4 The carbonic acid formed (H2CO3 (aq) ) from equation (1) is neutralized by the addition of base to for equation (2). Continued addition of base (alkalinity) further removes the proton (H+) present to form the carbonate in equation (3). Buffering is achieved at this point, and equivalence points are noted as shown in the figures below (figures 1 2). Further addition of base now drives the equation back and carbon dioxide (CO2 (g)) is given off. Figure (1) points E and F indicate where the gas is given off. The experiment was carried out using the titration and pH indicator method to determine the equivalence points of equations (2) and (3), phenolphthalein and methyl orange were used as indicators. Phenolphthalein was added to determine the first equivalence point. The initial pH of the water sample was 9. 75; the addition of phenolphthalein thus induced a colour change. Phenolphthalein produces a colour change in water in the pH range 8. 3 10. The alkalinity measured at this point is the half carbonate that has been neutralized in the reaction. Half carbonate reaction; from equation (3) only one proton H+ is consumed during the neutralization, therefore, half carbonate reaction is simply the amount of hydrogen ion (which is one) consumed during the phenolphthalein indicator method. Methyl orange indicator method measures the buffering capacity of the neutralized solution. The bicarbonate (HCO3-) ion initially present with those produced during the half reaction is completely neutralized. Methyl orange produces a colour change at pH range 3. 5 4. 5. HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2 Both methods is used to determine the total alkalinity of the reaction, thus, total alkalinity is the addition of the equivalence points of the reaction. Methodology The experiment was carried out in two parts, titration and pH indicator methods. Titration method (phenolphthalein indicator) 25ml of carbonate/bicarbonate mixture was pipette into a conical flask and two drops of phenolphthalein was added, the solution changed from colourless to pink. The mixture was then titrated against 0. 1M HCl until the pink colour changed to colourless. Table (1) shows the value that was obtained. (Methyl orange indicator) 25ml of carbonate/bicarbonate mixture was pipette into a conical flask and two drops of methyl orange was added, the solution changed from colourless to yellow. The mixture was then titrated against 0. 1M HCl until the yellow colour changed to pink. Table (1) shows the value that was obtained.pH indicator method 25ml of carbonate/bicarbonate mixture was pipette into a beaker and distilled water was added, the mixture was then titrated against 0. 1M HCl. A pH digital meter was introduced to measure the initial and subsequent changes in pH of solution. Table (2) shows the value that was obtained. Results The investigation of carbonate and bicarbonate in the water sample can first be described by the following reactions: (a) H2CO3 (aq) H+ (aq) + HCO3-(aq) (b) HCO3-(aq) H+ (aq) + CO3-2(aq) Various results were obtained during the titration and pH indicator methods. Table (1) shows the values obtained when 0. 1MHCl was titrated against the carbonate/bicarbonate mixture. Table (2) shows the values for the pH indicator method, table (3) shows the values for the derivative curve and table (4) shows the class result (raw data). The value obtained was then plotted on a graph to obtain various readings; the graphs would be explained later in the discussion. The plot on figure (1) shows the relationship between the pH and volume of 0. 1M HCl used. Figure (2) is the derivative curve, figures (3 4) is used to determine the equivalence points of the reactions.

Friendship in The Pact :: The Pact Relationships Essays

Friendship in The Pact Friendship is a huge part of everyone's life, whether they know it or not. In some way shape or form everyone needs relationships. In the book The Pact, friendship is huge. Three boys George, Sam, and Rameck become best friends and you could say that they save each others lives. Not physically but in a sense that without the pact they made there lives might not be where they are today. I can relate this book to a very good friend of mine that got caught up in a bad situation. I’ll use the name â€Å"Bob†. We live in the small town of Cape May, NJ and everyone knows everyone. Not always the best situation for people like Bob. He and I became friends before any of these awful things started to happen. Bob got caught up in the wrong crowd one summer and begandealing cocaine. At the time I was un- aware of this. I began to notice a change in him around the middle of the summer, I asked him if there was anything wrong or if I could do anything for him. Bob wouldn’t tell me what was going on, he said, â€Å"I don’t want to hurt you.† With this statement, â€Å"I don’t want to hurt you.† I immediately knew that something was seriously wrong. At the time I didn’t know what, but I was going to find out. So I started snooping around, and I did my own investigation. Some may say that it was me being nosy, but I know that I’m sure glad I was. It’s a good thing I did too. In my snooping around I found out that Bob was dealing cocaine. It was at this time that I realized Bob’s situation was real, and I would have to do something about it. I thought Bob simply needed to get away from where he knew everyone, and drugs were so easily accessible. Bob and I then sat down to talk. This was not easy for me to do and I’m sure it wasn’t easy for him to hear. I mean, picture someone you think of as a little sister sitting you down and saying, â€Å"Bob, I know all about you dealing cocaine.† It takes a lot to stand up to your friends, but it takes a lot more to just sit and watch their lives go down the drain.

Spheres and Stages of Discipleship

In addition will also discuss what is called the e Four Spheres of discipleship. 2 Spiritually Dead The Apostle Paul described in Ephesians 2: 15 those who were dead in their is ins and transgressions. These are people who have not accepted Christ as Savior, insist dead reject His sacrifice on the Cross. They sometimes claim to seek a God or Higher Power b UT there is no evidence of any relationship with God whatsoever. These people are what the authors call Spiritually Dead. 3 In fact the author compares these people to dead men in a casket just waiting to decompose.When speaking to the â€Å"walking dead† the authors teach how to id entity the common â€Å"phrase from the stage†4 in order to assess where a person is in their walk with God. These typical phrases are usually: ; I don't believe in God. ; The bible is just a myth. Putnam, Jim, Bobby Harrington, and Robert Emerson Coleman. Discipleship: Five Steps That Help Your Church to Make Disciples Who Make Disciples . (Grand Rapids, MI: Sanderson, 2013). 60. Ibid. , 77. 3 Ibid. , 61 . 4 Ibid. , 62. ; Religion is a crutch for the weak. ; Christians are intolerant and homophobic. ; There are many paths to God.Opera Winfred Olsten)5 ; don't believe in hell. Or hell is on Earth. ; My good deeds will save me from hell. ; There is no right or wrong, ‘do what thou will' 6 Once a person is identified as spiritually dead, this should determine how to a approach them with a spirit Of understanding without a judgmental or condemning ATT etude. Spiritual Infant The second stage is called to describe believers who are like newborn babes craving milk instead of the meat of the Word. This comes from the scrim future: â€Å"As newborn babes, desire the sincere milk of the word, that ye may grow†¦ (1 peter 2:23 KAVA).Christians at this stage are alive yet they refuse to grow. This can include new converts a s well as long time Christians who are stagnant in their growth process with God. 7 Spiritua l infant TTS were described in the Book of Hebrews as those living on the milk of the Word who should be teaching: † For when for the time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that one teach you†¦ † (Web. 5:1214 KAVA). 5 â€Å"Pastor Joel Olsten Discusses Sin And The Path To God,† Opera's Next Chapter, accessed February 1, 201 5, http://WV. Opera. Com/own-operas-next- heaper/Pastor-Joke-Steen-Discusses-Sin-and-the-Path-to-God 6 Crowley, Leister.The Book of the Law:(technically Called Libber AY Vela Legs Sub Figure COX as D levered by XIII . Red Wheel/wiser, 1938. 7 Putnam, Harrington, and Coleman, 63. Spiritual Child The next stage is described as the Stage which characterizes Christians who are growing in their walk with God and growing in their relationships wit h other fellow believers-8 The Apostle John referred to early followers as his children. (1 John 2:12 KAVA) Also in 1 Thessalonians 2:101 2 the apostle Paul refers to himself as a â€Å"spiritual faith † who had to encourage, comfort, and urge the Church of Thessalonians to live holy lives.These spiritual children have learned the church â€Å"lingo† or language and are a able to function in a growing church body as believers, but they are selflessness with much of their spiritual life involving around themselves. 9 These individuals can be new con arts as well as old converts who have attended church for decades. They can be identified by the Eire â€Å"phrase from the stage† which are: ; I don't know if this church meets my needs. ; The church is getting too big. ; Why do we have to learn new songs? NO One speaks to me at church. 10 The length of time a person has attended church has nothing to do with their level of growth .They need to surround themselves around mature Christians in order to go from dependency to self sufficient. 1 1 8 Putnam, Harrington, and Coleman, 65. Ibid. , 65. 10 Ibid. , 66. 11 Ibid. , 66 9 Spiritual Young Adult 1 John 2:1314 d escribes Spiritual Young Adults as Christians who have overcome the Evil One and the Word of God abides in them. 12 These individuals are striving to become more concerned about others rather than themselves. They are more students of t e Word of God and the Great Commission. They are givers instead of takers. 13 You can identify a Spiritual Young Adult by these phrases from the stage: ; In my devotion†¦ I will like to go to Uganda for a mission†¦ ; I love being a worship leader because†¦ ; I have three friends that I witness to†¦ These young adults need mentoring and a place to utilize their spiritual gifts. Spiritual Parent Spiritual Parents are considered spiritually mature people who make disciples and have grown strong in the Lord. These are reliable disciples who are qualified to tea chi others. 14 2 Timothy 2:12 describes them as those who have grown strong in grace that is in Christ Jesus. They can also determine where a person is in their walk with the L ord and oft en can mentor these young adults.God is a Spiritual Parent who nurtures and fights for His s virtual children as His own. 15 12 Putnam, Harrington, and Coleman, 67. Ibid. , 67. 14 Ibid. , 68. 15 Adams, Vincent. Imitating the Fatherhood of God: A Single Dad's Guide to Spiritual Parenting . S. L. : Solaris, 2012. 17 13 6 The Four Spheres of Discipleship The four spheres of discipleship describe how a disciple grows in four stages: The sphere with God and disciple, the church sphere, the sphere of family an d the world The spheres help the disciple understand the head, heart and hands of God, family y, church and the world. 6 The sphere is designed help a disciple balance family life and minister y life. It also shows them how to integrate the four spheres within the five stages of discipleship. Below will detail each sphere. Sphere One: The Centrality of Christ In the book Discipleship, by Dietrich Bondholder, the author conveys that through simple obedience does one reall y understand the meaning of being a disciple. 17 Who en referring to the dead or God's authority, true submission are evident. When dealing with the heart of the relationship between God and the disciple, there are visible changes in the pee arson's life called transformation.With the hands, the disciple ventures outside the walls of the church through evangelism. 18 Sphere Two: Relationship With The Family of God (Church) The second sphere of relationship is where we grow as Christians within the b odd of Christ. Scripture points out that we are in the family of God with brothers and sisters in Christ. 1 9 As a church family, the church works to nourish relationships among believer sometimes converted from broken families. Some Of the broken families were from the d splices' choice to follow Christ. 20 16 Ibid. , 77 Bondholder, Dietrich. Dietrich Bondholder Works . Volume 4: Discipleship. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996. ) 77. 18 Putnam, Harrington, and Coleman, 86. 19 Ibid. 20 S phere Three: Relationship At Home A third sphere is addressed by the Apostle Paul in Ephesians 5 & 6 involves the home. Paul discusses how the husband should lead the household and love h is wife. Also how the wife should love her husband. The responsibility of the fathers and mothers in easing children and responsibility of children to respect their parents. 21 Sphere Four: Relationship With The World Finally the Apostle Paul moves toward chapter 6 of Ephesians, where he addresses a final sphere of relationships with the world.

Critical Summary Of Cathedral By Raymond Carver - 1223 Words

Critical Summaries 1-4 1. â€Å"Cathedral† – Raymond Carver This story is told in the first person, depicting the narrator’s experience meeting his wife’s friend Robert. The characters in the story are Bub, the narrator, his wife, and the blind man, Robert. Bub’s wife is caring, empathetic, and affectionate; Robert is kindhearted, appreciative, and open to new experiences. In contrast, Bub is closed to new experiences, selfish, and judgmental. The story takes place in Bub’s home, primarily in his living room, where the three talk about many different things. The wife’s role in the story is to give premise for Robert’s visit, and to keep Bub in check, behaviorally. Robert serves as a contrasting personality to Bub, and his life experience is†¦show more content†¦Bub is unable to empathize with Robert’s disability, and judges him harshly for being blind. He makes snide comments and remarks, such that his dead wife needn’t worry about makeup or wearing matching garments, because Ro bert can’t see her anyway. However, after sharing a large meal, drinking lots of alcohol, and smoking marijuana, Bub makes himself open to being understanding, and becomes less standoffish. When asked to draw the cathedral, he realizes that he doesn’t need to open his eyes to see it. This revelation immediately allows him to empathize with Robert, and completely shatters his previous position. It is implied that Bub has experienced a new level of personal growth, and will likely view the world differently with it. 2. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† – Edgar Allen Poe Another story told in the first-person, â€Å"Fall of the House of Usher† is told from the perspective of an unnamed narrator, as he visits a childhood friend, Roderick Usher. The only other major character in the story is Madeline Usher, Roderick’s twin sister. The story takes place in Roderick’s manor, which has fallen into a state of extreme disrepair. The narrator takes note of this dilapidation, and the estate’s condition becomes a key theme in the story. Roderick’s quarters are dimly lit, with barely any light coming in through the windows. Later in the story, a severe storm hits, and the Narrator is in his room as the estate weathers it. In summary, this